Còðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã (Passive Voice)

 äðóãèõ óðîêàõ, âû âòðå÷àëè ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå (Active Voice).  Ãëàãîë â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ïðîèçâîäèò ñàìî ëèöî (èëè ïðåäìåò).  Ãëàãîë â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå èñïûòûâàåò ëèöî (èëè ïðåäìåò) ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãîãî ëèöà (èëè ïðåäìåòà).

ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

–The doctor wrote a prescription.

ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

–The prescription was written by the doctor.

Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, êîòîðûé èñïûòûâàåò äåéñòâèå, ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì.

Ôîðìû ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ôîðìå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. Çàìåòüòå, ÷òî â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû:

ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

Fred helps Jane.

=> Jane is helped by Fred.

He is helping her.

=> She is being helped by him.

He has helped her.

=> She has been helped by him.

He helped her.

=> She was helped by him.

He was helping her.

=> She was being helped by him.

He had helped her.

=> She had been helped by him.

He will help her.

=> She will be helped by him.

He is going to help her.

=> She is going to be helped by him.

Îáû÷íî, â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çàëîãîì, ïîñëåäíåå âûðàæåíèå ñ by îïóñêàåòñÿ.  Îáû÷íî, ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íåèçâåñòíî, êòî âûïîëíÿåò îñíîâíîå äåéñòâèå, èëè êîãäà ýòî íåâàæíî:

–The house was built in 1960.

(Âûðàæåíèå ñ by îïóñêàåòñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî è òàê ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, ÷òî äîì ïîñòðîèëè ñòðîèòåëè).